ABACUS计算模拟实例 | I. 原子及小分子气体能量计算
©️ Copyright 2023 @ Authors
作者:Jinghang Wang (AISI电子结构团队实习生) 📨
日期:2024-6-21
共享协议:本作品采用知识共享署名-非商业性使用-相同方式共享 4.0 国际许可协议进行许可。
快速开始:点击上方的 开始连接 按钮,选择 abacus:3.6.3-user-guide 镜像及 c2_m4_cpu 节点配置,并在连接后点击右上方的切换内核,选择Bash内核稍等片刻即可运行。
🎯 本教程旨在帮助初学者了解ABACUS的输入输出文件,以及完成原子及小分子气体的能量计算
本节教程目录如下:
1. 氢原子能量计算及输入输出文件
2. 氧原子能量计算
3. 氢分子能量及结合能计算
4. 氧分子能量及结合能计算
在使用ABACUS进行计算时,所有操作都需要在指定的文件夹目录下进行。我们已经准备好了数据集ABACUS-cases,,其中文件夹“1”对应本节教程。
1. 氢原子能量计算及输入输出文件
首先我们将数据集中的文件复制到根目录下(否则可能碰到文件没有执行权限的情况):
. ├── H-atom │ ├── 0 │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ ├── KPT │ │ ├── OUT.H-atom │ │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ │ ├── STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif │ │ │ ├── istate.info │ │ │ ├── kpoints │ │ │ ├── running_scf.log │ │ │ └── warning.log │ │ ├── STRU │ │ ├── result │ │ └── time.json │ └── 1 │ ├── INPUT │ ├── KPT │ ├── OUT.H-atom │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ ├── STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif │ │ ├── istate.info │ │ ├── kpoints │ │ ├── running_scf.log │ │ └── warning.log │ ├── STRU │ ├── result │ └── time.json ├── H2-molecule │ ├── INPUT │ ├── KPT │ ├── OUT.H2 │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ ├── STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif │ │ ├── istate.info │ │ ├── kpoints │ │ ├── running_scf.log │ │ └── warning.log │ ├── STRU │ ├── result │ └── time.json ├── O-atom │ ├── 0 │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ ├── KPT │ │ ├── OUT.O-atom │ │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ │ ├── STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif │ │ │ ├── istate.info │ │ │ ├── kpoints │ │ │ ├── running_scf.log │ │ │ └── warning.log │ │ ├── STRU │ │ ├── result │ │ └── time.json │ ├── 1 │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ ├── KPT │ │ ├── OUT.O-atom │ │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ │ ├── STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif │ │ │ ├── istate.info │ │ │ ├── kpoints │ │ │ ├── running_scf.log │ │ │ └── warning.log │ │ ├── STRU │ │ ├── result │ │ └── time.json │ └── 2 │ ├── INPUT │ ├── KPT │ ├── OUT.O-atom │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ ├── STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif │ │ ├── istate.info │ │ ├── kpoints │ │ ├── running_scf.log │ │ └── warning.log │ ├── STRU │ ├── result │ └── time.json └── O2-molecule ├── 0 │ ├── INPUT │ ├── KPT │ ├── OUT.O2 │ │ ├── INPUT │ │ ├── STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif │ │ ├── istate.info │ │ ├── kpoints │ │ ├── running_scf.log │ │ └── warning.log │ ├── STRU │ ├── result │ └── time.json └── 1 ├── INPUT ├── KPT ├── OUT.O2 │ ├── INPUT │ ├── STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif │ ├── istate.info │ ├── kpoints │ ├── running_scf.log │ └── warning.log ├── STRU ├── result └── time.json 19 directories, 88 files
我们从氢原子开始。氢原子能量计算一共包含两个文件夹,对应H-atom文件夹下的0和1,分别代表自旋非极化和自旋极化计算。
INPUT KPT OUT.H-atom STRU result time.json
进入文件夹后,我们可以看到一共有5个文件和一个文件夹,分别是INPUT、KPT、STRU、result、time.json和OUT.xxx。其中前三个是ABACUS必要的输入文件,且文件名必须全部大写;result并非ABACUS的标准输出文件,而是教程作者将ABACUS的标准输出重定向到result文件中 (abacus |tee result),以方便读者查看标准输出;time.json文件是ABACUS开发团队使用rapidjson做一些格式化的输出,主要用来监控软件的耗时和效率;OUT.xxx文件夹包含ABACUS产生的所有输出文件。下来我们将详细介绍在本节算例中如何准备这些输入文件,以及如何分析输出文件。
1.1 INPUT
INPUT文件是ABACUS的核心控制文件,它指定了ABACUS需要完成的任务和所采用的方法等关键信息。类似VASP,ABACUS的INPUT文件中的指令也采用“tag=value”的形式,其中tag是ABACUS规定的关键词,value是用户输入的符合ABACUS规定的值。但是区别在于:1.ABACUS中不能使用等号来赋值,因为ABACUS中参数的读取实际上使用的是C++里的getline函数,所以不能有“=”号 2.如果同一个tag在INPUT中出现多次,VASP只会识别第一次出现的值,而ABAUCS只会识别最后一次出现的值。
INPUT_PARAMETERS suffix H-atom pseudo_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB orbital_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB ecutwfc 50 # unit: Ry, 1Ry = 13.6eV; Default: 50 scf_thr 1e-7 basis_type lcao calculation scf symmetry -1 # No symmetry smearing_method gauss # Default: gauss smearing_sigma 0.0037 # unit: Ry; Default: 0.015 Ry(= 0.2 eV)
我们来分析一下INPUT文件:可类比VASP的INCAR文件
1.第一行为关键词,不能有任何修改,否则ABACUS无法识别该文件。并且任何在该关键词之前的内容都会被忽略。
2.ABACUS中使用#
当做注释符。
3.suffix
为OUT文件的后缀
4.pseudo_dir
和orbital_dir
为分别为原子的赝势和轨道所在的文件夹,对于平面波 (PW) 计算,只需要指定赝势;如果选用数值原子轨道作为基组 (LCAO) 进行计算,还需要额外指定轨道文件。大部分ABAUCS相关镜像都会在系统盘下自带/abacus-develop
文件夹,即ABACUS源代码,在其中的/abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB
文件夹中就包含赝势和轨道文件。
5.ecutwfc
为平面波函数的截断能。首先,这里能量的单位为Ry;其次,即便使用数值原子轨道算法,也需要设置该值,因为ABACUS中局部赝势部分和相关力是由平面波基集计算的。详情见官方说明:ecutwfc。
6.scf_thr
决定自洽收敛的精度。
7.basis_type
决定使用的基组类型。ABACUS目前同时支持pw和lcao基组。
8.calculation
决定计算类型:不同于VASP使用ISTART,ICHARG,IBRION等参数控制计算类型,ABACUS直接使用关键词控制。scf-自洽计算,nscf-非自洽计算,relax-离子弛豫等。详情见:calculation
9.symmetry
决定是否打开体系的对称性,1是打开对称性;0关闭晶体对称性,但保留时间反演对称性;-1关闭所有对称性。对于自洽计算,默认值为1。对于本节所计算的原子和分子体系,不需要考虑点群对称性,因此全部关闭(设为0/-1)。
10.smearing_method
和 smearing_sigma
:这两个参数决定了在做布里渊区积分时如何计算分布函数。smearing_method
决定展宽方式,默认为gauss
(高斯展宽);smearing_sigma
决定展宽大小。注意,这里sigma的单位也为Ry。
全部的输入参数列表和说明详见官方文档:Full List of INPUT Keywords
1.2. KPT
K_POINTS # keyword for start 0 # total number of k-point, 0 means generate automatically Gamma # Gamma-point centered 1 1 1 0 0 0 # first three number: subdivisions along reciprocal vectors; last three number: shift of the mesh
KPT文件:可类比VASP的KPOINTS文件
1.第一行也为关键词。
2.第二行K点数量。手动设置K点时需最后修改该值为K点总数,若自动生成K点则设置该值为0.
3.第三行为产生K点的方式,有Gamma和Monkhorst Pack (MP) 两种。Gamma方式保证k点一定包含倒空间原点,而MP方式则不一定。
4.第四行为由空格分开的6个整数。前三个数字表示沿三个倒易基矢方向的k点数目,后三个数字表示k点网格的平移。
对于超胞内的原子或者小分子,我们只需考虑Gamma点。
1.3. STRU
ATOMIC_SPECIES H 1.008 H_ONCV_PBE-1.2.upf upf201 # label; mass; pseudo_file NUMERICAL_ORBITAL H_gga_6au_60Ry_2s1p.orb # numerical_orbital_file LATTICE_CONSTANT 1.8897259886 # lattice scaling factor (Bohr), 1.8897259886 Bohr = 1.0 Angstrom LATTICE_VECTORS 10.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 ATOMIC_POSITIONS Cartesian # Cartesian or Direct coordinate. H # Element type 0.0 # magnetism 1 # number of atoms 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 0 # the position of atoms and other parameter specify by key word
STRU文件:可类比VASP的POSCAR文件
按ATOMIC_SPECIES,NUMERICAL_ORBITAL等关键字分为不同的section。
- ATOMIC_SPECIES 下的每一行对应一种元素,每种元素需要:元素类型 相对原子质量,赝势文件名,赝势文件类型。
- NUMERICAL_ORBITAL下为每种的元素的轨道。关于轨道的命名和使用详见:NAO
- LATTICE_CONSTANT 下为“盒子”(晶胞)的缩放因子。注意这里的单位为Bohr。 1.8897259886 Bohr = 1.0 Angstrom。
- LATTICE_VECTORS 下为晶胞的三个基矢,它们乘上面的缩放因子得到晶胞真正的大小。
- ATOMIC_POSITIONS 下为原子坐标。首先第一行为原子坐标的类型,有分数坐标“Direct”和直角坐标“Cartesian”。再下面开始以“元素类型 磁矩 原子数 原子位置”为一组,多种原子就有多个组。原子位置一行,前三个数为原子位置,后三个数决定原子在弛豫时能否移动。0:不能移动;1:可以移动。
完整的输入文件的参数说明见官方文档:The STRU file
然后便可开始执行计算:
ABACUS v3.6.3 Atomic-orbital Based Ab-initio Computation at UStc Website: http://abacus.ustc.edu.cn/ Documentation: https://abacus.deepmodeling.com/ Repository: https://github.com/abacusmodeling/abacus-develop https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop Commit: 615828b (Tue May 21 10:48:51 2024 +0800) Fri Jun 21 09:01:51 2024 MAKE THE DIR : OUT.H-atom/ RUNNING WITH DEVICE : CPU / Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum UNIFORM GRID DIM : 90 * 90 * 90 UNIFORM GRID DIM(BIG) : 30 * 30 * 30 DONE(0.157024 SEC) : SETUP UNITCELL DONE(0.157271 SEC) : INIT K-POINTS --------------------------------------------------------- Self-consistent calculations for electrons --------------------------------------------------------- SPIN KPOINTS PROCESSORS NBASE 1 1 1 5 --------------------------------------------------------- Use Systematically Improvable Atomic bases --------------------------------------------------------- ELEMENT ORBITALS NBASE NATOM XC H 2s1p-6au 5 1 --------------------------------------------------------- Initial plane wave basis and FFT box --------------------------------------------------------- DONE(0.165894 SEC) : INIT PLANEWAVE ------------------------------------------- SELF-CONSISTENT : ------------------------------------------- START CHARGE : atomic DONE(1.15396 SEC) : INIT SCF ITER ETOT(eV) EDIFF(eV) DRHO TIME(s) GE1 -1.228596e+01 0.000000e+00 8.565e-02 5.488e-01 GE2 -1.228595e+01 6.320434e-06 2.680e-02 5.165e-01 GE3 -1.228614e+01 -1.909914e-04 1.098e-02 4.788e-01 GE4 -1.228628e+01 -1.383033e-04 5.529e-03 4.745e-01 GE5 -1.228635e+01 -7.302417e-05 3.171e-03 4.783e-01 GE6 -1.228637e+01 -1.496410e-05 1.481e-03 4.774e-01 GE7 -1.228638e+01 -9.645295e-06 8.673e-04 4.848e-01 GE8 -1.228638e+01 -2.651628e-06 3.044e-04 4.896e-01 GE9 -1.228638e+01 -6.875554e-07 5.124e-05 4.780e-01 GE10 -1.228638e+01 -1.046384e-08 8.262e-06 4.778e-01 GE11 -1.228638e+01 1.895593e-09 1.929e-06 4.833e-01 GE12 -1.228638e+01 2.565494e-10 9.979e-07 4.856e-01 GE13 -1.228638e+01 -1.102876e-09 6.005e-07 4.416e-01 GE14 -1.228638e+01 4.850678e-10 3.046e-07 4.437e-01 GE15 -1.228638e+01 3.416878e-10 1.090e-07 4.445e-01 GE16 -1.228638e+01 -2.778480e-11 1.615e-08 3.717e-01 TIME STATISTICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS_NAME NAME TIME(Sec) CALLS AVG(Sec) PER(%) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 8.75 9 0.97 100.00 Driver reading 0.02 1 0.02 0.23 Input Init 0.02 1 0.02 0.20 Input_Conv Convert 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 Driver driver_line 8.73 1 8.73 99.77 UnitCell check_tau 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_all_runners 0.42 1 0.42 4.76 PW_Basis_Sup setuptransform 0.02 1 0.02 0.24 PW_Basis_Sup distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.06 mymath heapsort 0.05 3 0.02 0.62 PW_Basis_K setuptransform 0.00 1 0.00 0.05 PW_Basis_K distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.03 PW_Basis setup_struc_factor 0.01 1 0.01 0.10 NOrbital_Lm extra_uniform 0.00 3 0.00 0.02 Mathzone_Add1 SplineD2 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 Mathzone_Add1 Cubic_Spline_Interpolation 0.00 3 0.00 0.01 ppcell_vl init_vloc 0.17 1 0.17 1.90 Ions opt_ions 8.28 1 8.28 94.72 ESolver_KS_LCAO runner 8.28 1 8.28 94.71 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_scf 0.70 1 0.70 8.03 ESolver_KS_LCAO beforesolver 0.02 1 0.02 0.20 ESolver_KS_LCAO set_matrix_grid 0.01 1 0.01 0.15 atom_arrange search 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Technique init 0.01 1 0.01 0.14 Grid_BigCell grid_expansion_index 0.01 2 0.00 0.09 Record_adj for_2d 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 Grid_Driver Find_atom 0.00 25 0.00 0.00 LCAO_domain grid_prepare 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Veff initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 OverlapNew initialize_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge set_rho_core 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 Charge atomic_rho 0.24 1 0.24 2.71 PW_Basis_Sup recip2real 1.81 102 0.02 20.70 PW_Basis_Sup gathers_scatterp 0.34 102 0.00 3.90 Potential init_pot 0.42 1 0.42 4.85 Potential update_from_charge 5.66 17 0.33 64.71 Potential cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.27 PotLocal cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.26 Potential cal_v_eff 5.61 17 0.33 64.09 H_Hartree_pw v_hartree 0.72 17 0.04 8.19 PW_Basis_Sup real2recip 1.80 117 0.02 20.53 PW_Basis_Sup gatherp_scatters 0.15 117 0.00 1.75 PotXC cal_v_eff 4.84 17 0.28 55.28 XC_Functional v_xc 4.81 17 0.28 55.03 Potential interpolate_vrs 0.03 17 0.00 0.33 H_Ewald_pw compute_ewald 0.01 1 0.01 0.16 Charge_Mixing init_mixing 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO solve 0.90 16 0.06 10.29 HamiltLCAO updateHk 0.36 16 0.02 4.15 OperatorLCAO init 0.36 48 0.01 4.15 Veff contributeHR 0.36 16 0.02 4.10 Gint_interface cal_gint 0.75 32 0.02 8.61 Gint_interface cal_gint_vlocal 0.36 16 0.02 4.09 Gint_Tools cal_psir_ylm 0.19 96096 0.00 2.18 Gint_k transfer_pvpR 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew calculate_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew contributeHk 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew contributeHR 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew contributeHR 0.00 16 0.00 0.01 NonlocalNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 OperatorLCAO contributeHk 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO hamiltSolvePsiK 0.07 16 0.00 0.76 DiagoElpa elpa_solve 0.05 16 0.00 0.61 ElecStateLCAO psiToRho 0.47 16 0.03 5.38 elecstate cal_dm 0.00 16 0.00 0.02 psiMulPsiMpi pdgemm 0.00 16 0.00 0.01 DensityMatrix cal_DMR 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 Local_Orbital_wfc wfc_2d_to_grid 0.00 17 0.00 0.01 Gint transfer_DMR 0.00 16 0.00 0.02 Gint_interface cal_gint_rho 0.40 16 0.02 4.52 Charge_Mixing get_drho 0.01 16 0.00 0.16 Charge mix_rho 1.08 15 0.07 12.30 Charge Broyden_mixing 0.21 15 0.01 2.38 ESolver_KS_LCAO out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 LCAO_Deepks_Interface out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO after_all_runners 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ModuleIO write_istate_info 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START Time : Fri Jun 21 09:01:51 2024 FINISH Time : Fri Jun 21 09:02:00 2024 TOTAL Time : 9 SEE INFORMATION IN : OUT.H-atom/
如果不重定向标准输出,那么可以在命令行界面看到自洽迭代过程,并且在结束后会产生time.json文件和OUT.H-atom文件夹,让我们看看OUT.H-atom文件夹中都有什么文件:
1.4. OUT.suffix
INPUT istate.info running_scf.log STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif kpoints warning.log
- INPUT:与输入文件INPUT同名,但其内容更多,因为其中包含了运行前输入文件INPUT中没有设置的变量的默认值。
- STRU_READIN_ADJUST.cif:输入文件STRU的cif格式,可以用VESTA等可视化软件打开。
- istate.info:包含电子能级和占据数。
- kpoints:包含k点位置和权重。
- running_scf.log:可类比VASP的OUTCAR文件。最重要的输出文件,记录了ABACUS详尽的计算过程。
- warning.log:ABACUS执行中的stderr。
我们可以用grep
命令直接从running_scf.log文件中获取氢原子的能量:
529: !FINAL_ETOT_IS -12.28638015769740 eV
查看能级和占据数:
BAND Energy(ev) Occupation Kpoint = 1 (0 0 0) 1 -5.91314 1 2 16.318 0 3 36.882 0 4 36.882 0 5 36.882 0
1.5. 自旋极化计算
由于氢原子含有未配对电子,其自旋磁矩不为0,此时要考虑自旋极化计算,即在INPUT文件中加设一个参数nspin,值为2,并且在STRU文件中设置初始磁矩为1。我们进入自旋极化计算的文件夹:
INPUT_PARAMETERS suffix H-atom nspin 2 pseudo_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB orbital_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB ecutwfc 50 # unit: Ry, 1Ry = 13.6eV; Default: 50 scf_thr 1e-7 basis_type lcao calculation scf symmetry -1 # No symmetry smearing_method gauss # Default: gauss smearing_sigma 0.0037 # unit: Ry; Default: 0.015 Ry(= 0.2 eV) mixing_beta 0.4 # for metal: 0.05-0.4, 0 - 0.1 for difficult mixing_beta_mag 0.4 mixing_gg0 0.0 # only for transition metal mixing_gg0_mag 0.0
ATOMIC_SPECIES H 1.008 H_ONCV_PBE-1.2.upf upf201 # label; mass; pseudo_file NUMERICAL_ORBITAL H_gga_6au_60Ry_2s1p.orb # numerical_orbital_file LATTICE_CONSTANT 1.8897259886 # lattice scaling factor (Bohr), 1.8897259886 Bohr = 1.0 Angstrom LATTICE_VECTORS 10.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 ATOMIC_POSITIONS Cartesian # Cartesian or Direct coordinate. H # Element type 1.0 # magnetism 1 # number of atoms 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 0 # the position of atoms and other parameter specify by key word
ABACUS v3.6.3 Atomic-orbital Based Ab-initio Computation at UStc Website: http://abacus.ustc.edu.cn/ Documentation: https://abacus.deepmodeling.com/ Repository: https://github.com/abacusmodeling/abacus-develop https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop Commit: 615828b (Tue May 21 10:48:51 2024 +0800) Fri Jun 21 09:02:01 2024 MAKE THE DIR : OUT.H-atom/ RUNNING WITH DEVICE : CPU / Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum UNIFORM GRID DIM : 90 * 90 * 90 UNIFORM GRID DIM(BIG) : 30 * 30 * 30 DONE(0.126893 SEC) : SETUP UNITCELL DONE(0.127169 SEC) : INIT K-POINTS --------------------------------------------------------- Self-consistent calculations for electrons --------------------------------------------------------- SPIN KPOINTS PROCESSORS NBASE 2 2 1 5 --------------------------------------------------------- Use Systematically Improvable Atomic bases --------------------------------------------------------- ELEMENT ORBITALS NBASE NATOM XC H 2s1p-6au 5 1 --------------------------------------------------------- Initial plane wave basis and FFT box --------------------------------------------------------- DONE(0.139262 SEC) : INIT PLANEWAVE ------------------------------------------- SELF-CONSISTENT : ------------------------------------------- START CHARGE : atomic DONE(1.53867 SEC) : INIT SCF ITER TMAG AMAG ETOT(eV) EDIFF(eV) DRHO TIME(s) GE1 1.00e+00 1.00e+00 -1.342926e+01 0.000000e+00 1.395e-01 8.561e-01 GE2 1.00e+00 1.00e+00 -1.342452e+01 4.737931e-03 7.890e-02 8.366e-01 GE3 1.00e+00 1.00e+00 -1.342497e+01 -4.462247e-04 3.646e-03 7.573e-01 GE4 1.00e+00 1.00e+00 -1.342497e+01 1.530331e-06 1.549e-03 7.014e-01 GE5 1.00e+00 1.00e+00 -1.342497e+01 -1.296950e-07 1.174e-05 7.155e-01 GE6 1.00e+00 1.00e+00 -1.342497e+01 -8.504317e-13 1.024e-05 7.373e-01 GE7 1.00e+00 1.00e+00 -1.342497e+01 -1.776692e-11 4.686e-07 7.161e-01 GE8 1.00e+00 1.00e+00 -1.342497e+01 2.249188e-12 3.397e-07 7.222e-01 GE9 1.00e+00 1.00e+00 -1.342497e+01 3.353390e-13 3.417e-09 6.584e-01 TIME STATISTICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS_NAME NAME TIME(Sec) CALLS AVG(Sec) PER(%) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 8.26 9 0.92 100.00 Driver reading 0.02 1 0.02 0.20 Input Init 0.01 1 0.01 0.18 Input_Conv Convert 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Driver driver_line 8.25 1 8.25 99.80 UnitCell check_tau 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_all_runners 0.49 1 0.49 5.87 PW_Basis_Sup setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.09 PW_Basis_Sup distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.06 mymath heapsort 0.05 3 0.02 0.66 PW_Basis_K setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.08 PW_Basis_K distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.03 PW_Basis setup_struc_factor 0.01 1 0.01 0.11 NOrbital_Lm extra_uniform 0.00 3 0.00 0.02 Mathzone_Add1 SplineD2 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 Mathzone_Add1 Cubic_Spline_Interpolation 0.00 3 0.00 0.01 ppcell_vl init_vloc 0.24 1 0.24 2.92 Ions opt_ions 7.74 1 7.74 93.68 ESolver_KS_LCAO runner 7.74 1 7.74 93.68 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_scf 1.04 1 1.04 12.53 ESolver_KS_LCAO beforesolver 0.01 1 0.01 0.16 ESolver_KS_LCAO set_matrix_grid 0.01 1 0.01 0.15 atom_arrange search 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Technique init 0.01 1 0.01 0.15 Grid_BigCell grid_expansion_index 0.01 2 0.00 0.10 Record_adj for_2d 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Driver Find_atom 0.00 27 0.00 0.00 LCAO_domain grid_prepare 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Veff initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew initialize_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge set_rho_core 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 Charge atomic_rho 0.27 1 0.27 3.27 PW_Basis_Sup recip2real 1.37 93 0.01 16.58 PW_Basis_Sup gathers_scatterp 0.25 93 0.00 3.00 Potential init_pot 0.73 1 0.73 8.83 Potential update_from_charge 5.70 10 0.57 69.01 Potential cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.26 PotLocal cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.25 Potential cal_v_eff 5.62 10 0.56 68.02 H_Hartree_pw v_hartree 0.43 10 0.04 5.26 PW_Basis_Sup real2recip 1.35 100 0.01 16.38 PW_Basis_Sup gatherp_scatters 0.12 100 0.00 1.42 PotXC cal_v_eff 5.11 10 0.51 61.89 XC_Functional v_xc 5.08 10 0.51 61.48 Potential interpolate_vrs 0.06 10 0.01 0.74 H_Ewald_pw compute_ewald 0.01 1 0.01 0.16 Charge_Mixing init_mixing 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO solve 0.75 9 0.08 9.09 HamiltLCAO updateHk 0.37 18 0.02 4.44 OperatorLCAO init 0.37 54 0.01 4.44 Veff contributeHR 0.37 18 0.02 4.43 Gint_interface cal_gint 0.65 27 0.02 7.88 Gint_interface cal_gint_vlocal 0.37 18 0.02 4.43 Gint_Tools cal_psir_ylm 0.15 81081 0.00 1.76 Gint_k transfer_pvpR 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew calculate_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew contributeHk 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew contributeHR 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew contributeHR 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OperatorLCAO contributeHk 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO hamiltSolvePsiK 0.02 18 0.00 0.22 DiagoElpa elpa_solve 0.01 18 0.00 0.13 ElecStateLCAO psiToRho 0.37 9 0.04 4.43 elecstate cal_dm 0.00 9 0.00 0.00 psiMulPsiMpi pdgemm 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 DensityMatrix cal_DMR 0.00 9 0.00 0.00 Local_Orbital_wfc wfc_2d_to_grid 0.00 20 0.00 0.00 Gint transfer_DMR 0.00 9 0.00 0.01 Gint_interface cal_gint_rho 0.29 9 0.03 3.45 Charge_Mixing get_drho 0.02 9 0.00 0.18 Charge mix_rho 0.60 8 0.08 7.28 Charge Broyden_mixing 0.17 8 0.02 2.03 ESolver_KS_LCAO out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 LCAO_Deepks_Interface out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO after_all_runners 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ModuleIO write_istate_info 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START Time : Fri Jun 21 09:02:01 2024 FINISH Time : Fri Jun 21 09:02:09 2024 TOTAL Time : 8 SEE INFORMATION IN : OUT.H-atom/
从命令行的输出可以看到,现在的迭代过程会多出两列,分别为总磁矩和绝对值磁矩。并且可以发现计算量相对于非自旋极化的情况加倍,这是由于计算中需要分别考虑两种自旋(spin-up/spin-down)情况的方程求解。
我们可以用下述命令从running_scf.log文件中读出最后一步迭代后的磁矩:
450: total magnetism (Bohr mag/cell) = 1 451: absolute magnetism (Bohr mag/cell) = 1
498: !FINAL_ETOT_IS -13.42496865673618 eV
对比可以发现,此时得到的氢原子能量更低。我们就用这个能量作为后面氢分子结合能计算中的原子能量。
1.6. 注意
这里需要强调一下mixing_beta
和mixing_beta_mag
这两个参数,这两个参数对于原子体系的自洽计算能否收敛十分关键。我们可以在这里简单的分析一下。
首先想要正确得到氢原子的基态能量需要打开自旋极化(nspin=2)。ABACUS自从v3.5.0之后采用电荷密度、磁密度的分开混合新算法替换不同自旋分量密度混合的旧算法:
其中引入了新的参数:mixing_beta_mag
由于默认设置为
,这就导致在
有限时
永远不会为0(鉴于他们的和为ρ,并且不会和磁密度m抵消),从而无法收敛。
解决办法:设置两个mixing_beta_mag和mixing_beta两个混合参数相等。
更深一点的理解:对于原子体系,基态的
对应不同的KS轨道。KS轨道应该相互正交。但默认设置下两个电荷密度并非完全独立,因此永远无法找到基态。所以对于所有原子体系都应该如此设置。
如果在计算中遇到不收敛的例子,可以参考ABACUS收敛性问题解决手册
2. 氧原子能量计算
类似地,我们可以进行氧原子的能量计算。氧原子的基态存在两个未配对电子,存在净磁矩。对于氧原子,我们在O-atom下准备了三个计算文件夹:0,1,2,分别代表非自旋极化,自旋极化,自旋极化并且调整晶胞形状计算,让我们看看这三种方式分别会得到什么样的结果:
0 1 2
2.1. 氧原子非自旋极化计算
INPUT_PARAMETERS suffix O-atom pseudo_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB orbital_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB ecutwfc 50 # unit: Ry, 1Ry = 13.6eV; Default: 50 scf_thr 1e-7 basis_type lcao calculation scf symmetry -1 # No symmetry smearing_method gauss # Default: gauss smearing_sigma 0.0037 # unit: Ry; Default: 0.015 Ry(= 0.2 eV)
我们首先进行非自旋极化计算(nspin默认为1,即spin degeneracy)
ATOMIC_SPECIES O 15.999 O_ONCV_PBE-1.2.upf upf201 # label; mass; pseudo_file NUMERICAL_ORBITAL O_gga_8au_100Ry_2s2p1d.orb # numerical_orbital_file LATTICE_CONSTANT 1.8897259886 # lattice scaling factor (Bohr), 1.8897259886 Bohr = 1.0 Angstrom LATTICE_VECTORS 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 ATOMIC_POSITIONS Cartesian # Cartesian or Direct coordinate. O # Element type 0.0 # magnetism 1 # number of atoms 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 0 # the position of atoms and other parameter specify by key word
ABACUS v3.6.3 Atomic-orbital Based Ab-initio Computation at UStc Website: http://abacus.ustc.edu.cn/ Documentation: https://abacus.deepmodeling.com/ Repository: https://github.com/abacusmodeling/abacus-develop https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop Commit: 615828b (Tue May 21 10:48:51 2024 +0800) Fri Jun 21 09:02:11 2024 MAKE THE DIR : OUT.O-atom/ RUNNING WITH DEVICE : CPU / Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum UNIFORM GRID DIM : 90 * 90 * 90 UNIFORM GRID DIM(BIG) : 30 * 30 * 30 DONE(0.126606 SEC) : SETUP UNITCELL DONE(0.126877 SEC) : INIT K-POINTS --------------------------------------------------------- Self-consistent calculations for electrons --------------------------------------------------------- SPIN KPOINTS PROCESSORS NBASE 1 1 1 13 --------------------------------------------------------- Use Systematically Improvable Atomic bases --------------------------------------------------------- ELEMENT ORBITALS NBASE NATOM XC O 2s2p1d-8au 13 1 --------------------------------------------------------- Initial plane wave basis and FFT box --------------------------------------------------------- DONE(0.135452 SEC) : INIT PLANEWAVE ------------------------------------------- SELF-CONSISTENT : ------------------------------------------- START CHARGE : atomic DONE(0.839925 SEC) : INIT SCF ITER ETOT(eV) EDIFF(eV) DRHO TIME(s) GE1 -4.276363e+02 0.000000e+00 1.866e-02 5.611e-01 GE2 -4.276365e+02 -1.127699e-04 4.606e-03 5.116e-01 GE3 -4.276366e+02 -1.376582e-04 2.043e-03 5.154e-01 GE4 -4.276366e+02 -4.030776e-05 7.198e-04 5.053e-01 GE5 -4.276367e+02 -2.466832e-05 3.620e-04 5.129e-01 GE6 -4.276367e+02 -2.251014e-05 2.072e-04 5.115e-01 GE7 -4.276367e+02 -7.991455e-07 9.862e-05 5.278e-01 GE8 -4.276367e+02 -1.141796e-05 9.009e-05 5.232e-01 GE9 -4.276367e+02 -7.098193e-07 3.656e-05 5.108e-01 GE10 -4.276367e+02 -1.567814e-06 3.278e-05 5.336e-01 GE11 -4.276367e+02 -8.013716e-07 1.587e-05 5.390e-01 GE12 -4.276367e+02 -3.647315e-07 6.777e-06 5.073e-01 GE13 -4.276367e+02 -1.751390e-08 8.986e-07 5.315e-01 GE14 -4.276367e+02 -8.444162e-09 1.017e-06 5.065e-01 GE15 -4.276367e+02 -1.065931e-09 2.234e-07 4.954e-01 GE16 -4.276367e+02 5.356723e-10 9.308e-08 4.444e-01 TIME STATISTICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS_NAME NAME TIME(Sec) CALLS AVG(Sec) PER(%) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 9.09 9 1.01 100.00 Driver reading 0.02 1 0.02 0.18 Input Init 0.01 1 0.01 0.16 Input_Conv Convert 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Driver driver_line 9.08 1 9.08 99.82 UnitCell check_tau 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_all_runners 0.27 1 0.27 3.01 PW_Basis_Sup setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.08 PW_Basis_Sup distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.05 mymath heapsort 0.05 3 0.02 0.56 PW_Basis_K setuptransform 0.00 1 0.00 0.05 PW_Basis_K distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.03 PW_Basis setup_struc_factor 0.01 1 0.01 0.09 NOrbital_Lm extra_uniform 0.00 5 0.00 0.04 Mathzone_Add1 SplineD2 0.00 5 0.00 0.00 Mathzone_Add1 Cubic_Spline_Interpolation 0.00 5 0.00 0.02 ppcell_vl init_vloc 0.01 1 0.01 0.16 Ions opt_ions 8.79 1 8.79 96.67 ESolver_KS_LCAO runner 8.79 1 8.79 96.67 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_scf 0.55 1 0.55 6.02 ESolver_KS_LCAO beforesolver 0.02 1 0.02 0.21 ESolver_KS_LCAO set_matrix_grid 0.02 1 0.02 0.20 atom_arrange search 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Technique init 0.02 1 0.02 0.20 Grid_BigCell grid_expansion_index 0.01 2 0.01 0.13 Record_adj for_2d 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Driver Find_atom 0.00 25 0.00 0.00 LCAO_domain grid_prepare 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Veff initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew initialize_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge set_rho_core 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 Charge atomic_rho 0.05 1 0.05 0.53 PW_Basis_Sup recip2real 1.49 102 0.01 16.44 PW_Basis_Sup gathers_scatterp 0.26 102 0.00 2.84 Potential init_pot 0.46 1 0.46 5.08 Potential update_from_charge 5.53 17 0.33 60.82 Potential cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.23 PotLocal cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.22 Potential cal_v_eff 5.48 17 0.32 60.30 H_Hartree_pw v_hartree 0.66 17 0.04 7.27 PW_Basis_Sup real2recip 1.63 117 0.01 17.88 PW_Basis_Sup gatherp_scatters 0.14 117 0.00 1.49 PotXC cal_v_eff 4.77 17 0.28 52.45 XC_Functional v_xc 4.75 17 0.28 52.22 Potential interpolate_vrs 0.03 17 0.00 0.29 H_Ewald_pw compute_ewald 0.01 1 0.01 0.15 Charge_Mixing init_mixing 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO solve 1.86 16 0.12 20.44 HamiltLCAO updateHk 0.84 16 0.05 9.26 OperatorLCAO init 0.84 48 0.02 9.25 Veff contributeHR 0.84 16 0.05 9.24 Gint_interface cal_gint 1.76 32 0.06 19.38 Gint_interface cal_gint_vlocal 0.84 16 0.05 9.24 Gint_Tools cal_psir_ylm 0.56 200768 0.00 6.19 Gint_k transfer_pvpR 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew calculate_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 OverlapNew contributeHk 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew contributeHR 0.00 16 0.00 0.01 EkineticNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 NonlocalNew contributeHR 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OperatorLCAO contributeHk 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO hamiltSolvePsiK 0.02 16 0.00 0.23 DiagoElpa elpa_solve 0.01 16 0.00 0.16 ElecStateLCAO psiToRho 1.00 16 0.06 10.94 elecstate cal_dm 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 psiMulPsiMpi pdgemm 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 DensityMatrix cal_DMR 0.00 16 0.00 0.00 Local_Orbital_wfc wfc_2d_to_grid 0.00 17 0.00 0.00 Gint transfer_DMR 0.00 16 0.00 0.02 Gint_interface cal_gint_rho 0.92 16 0.06 10.15 Charge_Mixing get_drho 0.01 16 0.00 0.14 Charge mix_rho 0.99 15 0.07 10.87 Charge Broyden_mixing 0.19 15 0.01 2.12 ESolver_KS_LCAO out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 LCAO_Deepks_Interface out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO after_all_runners 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ModuleIO write_istate_info 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START Time : Fri Jun 21 09:02:11 2024 FINISH Time : Fri Jun 21 09:02:20 2024 TOTAL Time : 9 SEE INFORMATION IN : OUT.O-atom/
540: !FINAL_ETOT_IS -427.6367009979188 eV
BAND Energy(ev) Occupation Kpoint = 1 (0 0 0) 1 -23.7491 2 2 -8.84264 1.33333 3 -8.84264 1.33333 4 -8.84264 1.33333 5 9.10723 0 6 9.10723 0 7 9.10723 0 8 11.1297 0 9 43.8131 0 10 43.8131 0 11 43.8131 0 12 43.8132 0 13 43.8132 0
可以看到,非自旋极化的结果是2p轨道分别被1.3个电子占据,这显然是错误的。
正确的能级占据应该是:
2.2. 氧原子自旋极化计算
在来看看打开自旋极化会有什么结果:
INPUT_PARAMETERS suffix O-atom nspin 2 pseudo_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB orbital_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB ecutwfc 50 # unit: Ry, 1Ry = 13.6eV; Default: 50 scf_thr 1e-7 basis_type lcao calculation scf symmetry -1 # No symmetry smearing_method gauss # Default: gauss smearing_sigma 0.0037 # unit: Ry; Default: 0.015 Ry(= 0.2 eV) mixing_beta 0.4 # for metal: 0.05-0.4, 0 - 0.1 for difficult mixing_beta_mag 0.4 mixing_gg0 0.0 # only for transition metal mixing_gg0_mag 0.0
nspin被设置为2 (collinear spin polarized)
ATOMIC_SPECIES O 15.999 O_ONCV_PBE-1.2.upf upf201 # label; mass; pseudo_file NUMERICAL_ORBITAL O_gga_8au_100Ry_2s2p1d.orb # numerical_orbital_file LATTICE_CONSTANT 1.8897259886 # lattice scaling factor (Bohr), 1.8897259886 Bohr = 1.0 Angstrom LATTICE_VECTORS 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 ATOMIC_POSITIONS Cartesian # Cartesian or Direct coordinate. O # Element type 2.0 # magnetism 1 # number of atoms 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 0 # the position of atoms and other parameter specify by key word
初始磁矩设为2.0
ABACUS v3.6.3 Atomic-orbital Based Ab-initio Computation at UStc Website: http://abacus.ustc.edu.cn/ Documentation: https://abacus.deepmodeling.com/ Repository: https://github.com/abacusmodeling/abacus-develop https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop Commit: 615828b (Tue May 21 10:48:51 2024 +0800) Fri Jun 21 09:02:22 2024 MAKE THE DIR : OUT.O-atom/ RUNNING WITH DEVICE : CPU / Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum UNIFORM GRID DIM : 90 * 90 * 90 UNIFORM GRID DIM(BIG) : 30 * 30 * 30 DONE(0.1259 SEC) : SETUP UNITCELL DONE(0.126185 SEC) : INIT K-POINTS --------------------------------------------------------- Self-consistent calculations for electrons --------------------------------------------------------- SPIN KPOINTS PROCESSORS NBASE 2 2 1 13 --------------------------------------------------------- Use Systematically Improvable Atomic bases --------------------------------------------------------- ELEMENT ORBITALS NBASE NATOM XC O 2s2p1d-8au 13 1 --------------------------------------------------------- Initial plane wave basis and FFT box --------------------------------------------------------- DONE(0.13833 SEC) : INIT PLANEWAVE ------------------------------------------- SELF-CONSISTENT : ------------------------------------------- START CHARGE : atomic DONE(1.2806 SEC) : INIT SCF ITER TMAG AMAG ETOT(eV) EDIFF(eV) DRHO TIME(s) GE1 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291790e+02 0.000000e+00 2.834e-02 1.059e+00 GE2 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291853e+02 -6.356795e-03 1.643e-02 1.012e+00 GE3 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291858e+02 -4.999497e-04 1.967e-03 1.010e+00 GE4 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291859e+02 -6.834132e-05 1.101e-03 9.368e-01 GE5 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291859e+02 -1.112699e-06 8.431e-05 9.406e-01 GE6 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291859e+02 -1.978620e-07 1.677e-05 8.904e-01 GE7 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291859e+02 -5.129007e-09 1.125e-06 8.879e-01 GE8 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291859e+02 3.712776e-10 1.210e-06 9.073e-01 GE9 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291859e+02 4.395780e-10 1.848e-08 7.879e-01 TIME STATISTICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS_NAME NAME TIME(Sec) CALLS AVG(Sec) PER(%) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 9.73 9 1.08 100.00 Driver reading 0.02 1 0.02 0.18 Input Init 0.02 1 0.02 0.16 Input_Conv Convert 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Driver driver_line 9.72 1 9.72 99.82 UnitCell check_tau 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_all_runners 0.32 1 0.32 3.31 PW_Basis_Sup setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.08 PW_Basis_Sup distributeg 0.01 1 0.01 0.05 mymath heapsort 0.05 3 0.02 0.53 PW_Basis_K setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.06 PW_Basis_K distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.03 PW_Basis setup_struc_factor 0.01 1 0.01 0.08 NOrbital_Lm extra_uniform 0.00 5 0.00 0.04 Mathzone_Add1 SplineD2 0.00 5 0.00 0.00 Mathzone_Add1 Cubic_Spline_Interpolation 0.00 5 0.00 0.02 ppcell_vl init_vloc 0.01 1 0.01 0.15 Ions opt_ions 9.37 1 9.37 96.30 ESolver_KS_LCAO runner 9.37 1 9.37 96.29 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_scf 0.94 1 0.94 9.65 ESolver_KS_LCAO beforesolver 0.02 1 0.02 0.19 ESolver_KS_LCAO set_matrix_grid 0.02 1 0.02 0.19 atom_arrange search 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Technique init 0.02 1 0.02 0.19 Grid_BigCell grid_expansion_index 0.01 2 0.01 0.12 Record_adj for_2d 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Driver Find_atom 0.00 27 0.00 0.00 LCAO_domain grid_prepare 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Veff initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew initialize_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge set_rho_core 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 Charge atomic_rho 0.07 1 0.07 0.75 PW_Basis_Sup recip2real 1.39 93 0.01 14.26 PW_Basis_Sup gathers_scatterp 0.24 93 0.00 2.51 Potential init_pot 0.83 1 0.83 8.47 Potential update_from_charge 6.49 10 0.65 66.67 Potential cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.23 PotLocal cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.22 Potential cal_v_eff 6.44 10 0.64 66.12 H_Hartree_pw v_hartree 0.44 10 0.04 4.50 PW_Basis_Sup real2recip 1.34 100 0.01 13.73 PW_Basis_Sup gatherp_scatters 0.12 100 0.00 1.19 PotXC cal_v_eff 5.92 10 0.59 60.84 XC_Functional v_xc 5.90 10 0.59 60.59 Potential interpolate_vrs 0.03 10 0.00 0.33 H_Ewald_pw compute_ewald 0.01 1 0.01 0.14 Charge_Mixing init_mixing 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO solve 1.78 9 0.20 18.27 HamiltLCAO updateHk 0.97 18 0.05 9.94 OperatorLCAO init 0.97 54 0.02 9.93 Veff contributeHR 0.97 18 0.05 9.91 Gint_interface cal_gint 1.67 27 0.06 17.14 Gint_interface cal_gint_vlocal 0.96 18 0.05 9.91 Gint_Tools cal_psir_ylm 0.44 169398 0.00 4.50 Gint_k transfer_pvpR 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew calculate_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 OverlapNew contributeHk 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew contributeHR 0.00 18 0.00 0.01 EkineticNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 NonlocalNew contributeHR 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OperatorLCAO contributeHk 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO hamiltSolvePsiK 0.02 18 0.00 0.23 DiagoElpa elpa_solve 0.02 18 0.00 0.16 ElecStateLCAO psiToRho 0.79 9 0.09 8.11 elecstate cal_dm 0.00 9 0.00 0.00 psiMulPsiMpi pdgemm 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 DensityMatrix cal_DMR 0.00 9 0.00 0.00 Local_Orbital_wfc wfc_2d_to_grid 0.00 20 0.00 0.00 Gint transfer_DMR 0.00 9 0.00 0.01 Gint_interface cal_gint_rho 0.70 9 0.08 7.23 Charge_Mixing get_drho 0.02 9 0.00 0.19 Charge mix_rho 0.61 8 0.08 6.24 Charge Broyden_mixing 0.17 8 0.02 1.79 ESolver_KS_LCAO out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 LCAO_Deepks_Interface out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO after_all_runners 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ModuleIO write_istate_info 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START Time : Fri Jun 21 09:02:22 2024 FINISH Time : Fri Jun 21 09:02:32 2024 TOTAL Time : 10 SEE INFORMATION IN : OUT.O-atom/
517: !FINAL_ETOT_IS -429.1858964705988 eV
453: total magnetism (Bohr mag/cell) = 2 454: absolute magnetism (Bohr mag/cell) = 2.00027
BAND Spin up Energy(ev) Occupation Spin down Energy(ev) Occupation Kpoint = 1 (0 0 0) 1 -25.0634 1 -21.6677 1 2 -10.0903 1 -6.90171 0.333333 3 -10.0903 1 -6.90171 0.333333 4 -10.0903 1 -6.90171 0.333333 5 8.58799 0 10.0098 0 6 8.58799 0 10.0098 0 7 8.58799 0 10.0098 0 8 10.55 0 12.0896 0 9 42.8006 0 45.4149 0 10 42.8006 0 45.4149 0 11 42.8006 0 45.4149 0 12 42.8007 0 45.415 0 13 42.8007 0 45.415 0
虽然能量减小,总的磁矩正确(=2μB),并且区分了自旋向上和自旋向下的状态,但3个alpha电子能量相同,beta电子还是平均分配在3个轨道上,所以结果仍然错误。这样的结果是由体系的高对称性导致的简并所造成的。氧原子的基态波函数并不满足立方晶格的对称性,但由于周期性边界条件,ABACUS会把立方晶格的对称性强加在氧原子的基态波函数上,导致了能级简并。修正的方法也很简单,就是调整基矢使得晶胞形状不再是立方。
2.3. 氧原子自旋极化并调整晶胞形状计算
INPUT_PARAMETERS suffix O-atom nspin 2 pseudo_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB orbital_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB ecutwfc 50 # unit: Ry, 1Ry = 13.6eV; Default: 50 scf_thr 1e-7 basis_type lcao calculation scf symmetry -1 # No symmetry smearing_method gauss # Default: gauss smearing_sigma 0.000037 # unit: Ry; Default: 0.015 Ry(= 0.2 eV) mixing_beta 0.4 # for metal: 0.05-0.4, 0 - 0.1 for difficult mixing_beta_mag 0.4 mixing_gg0 0.0 # only for transition metal mixing_gg0_mag 0.0
这里有一个小细节,就是smearing的sigma值需要比之前的再小两个数量级以上,否则由于展宽,还是会得到错误的能级占据。(读者可以尝试:不改变sigma值得到的结果和2.2.相同,小一个数量级得到两个p轨道分别被0.5个beta电子占据)
ATOMIC_SPECIES O 15.999 O_ONCV_PBE-1.2.upf upf201 # label; mass; pseudo_file NUMERICAL_ORBITAL O_gga_8au_100Ry_2s2p1d.orb # numerical_orbital_file LATTICE_CONSTANT 1.8897259886 # lattice scaling factor (Bohr), 1.8897259886 Bohr = 1.0 Angstrom LATTICE_VECTORS 9.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.900 ATOMIC_POSITIONS Cartesian # Cartesian or Direct coordinate. O # Element type 2.0 # magnetism 1 # number of atoms 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 0 # the position of atoms and other parameter specify by key word
调整晶格基矢
ABACUS v3.6.3 Atomic-orbital Based Ab-initio Computation at UStc Website: http://abacus.ustc.edu.cn/ Documentation: https://abacus.deepmodeling.com/ Repository: https://github.com/abacusmodeling/abacus-develop https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop Commit: 615828b (Tue May 21 10:48:51 2024 +0800) Fri Jun 21 09:02:33 2024 MAKE THE DIR : OUT.O-atom/ RUNNING WITH DEVICE : CPU / Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum UNIFORM GRID DIM : 80 * 90 * 96 UNIFORM GRID DIM(BIG) : 16 * 18 * 24 DONE(0.128696 SEC) : SETUP UNITCELL DONE(0.128953 SEC) : INIT K-POINTS --------------------------------------------------------- Self-consistent calculations for electrons --------------------------------------------------------- SPIN KPOINTS PROCESSORS NBASE 2 2 1 13 --------------------------------------------------------- Use Systematically Improvable Atomic bases --------------------------------------------------------- ELEMENT ORBITALS NBASE NATOM XC O 2s2p1d-8au 13 1 --------------------------------------------------------- Initial plane wave basis and FFT box --------------------------------------------------------- DONE(0.140501 SEC) : INIT PLANEWAVE ------------------------------------------- SELF-CONSISTENT : ------------------------------------------- START CHARGE : atomic DONE(1.98248 SEC) : INIT SCF ITER TMAG AMAG ETOT(eV) EDIFF(eV) DRHO TIME(s) GE1 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.291431e+02 0.000000e+00 3.296e-02 9.848e-01 GE2 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.291459e+02 -2.812673e-03 1.345e-01 9.970e-01 GE3 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.291402e+02 5.658815e-03 1.346e-01 1.030e+00 GE4 2.00e+00 2.01e+00 -4.292931e+02 -1.528794e-01 1.087e-01 9.302e-01 GE5 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.293094e+02 -1.627599e-02 1.051e-01 9.545e-01 GE6 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.293046e+02 4.772784e-03 1.038e-01 9.381e-01 GE7 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.292966e+02 7.982797e-03 1.043e-01 9.442e-01 GE8 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.293032e+02 -6.607929e-03 1.044e-01 9.644e-01 GE9 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.292990e+02 4.198744e-03 1.039e-01 9.233e-01 GE10 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.292975e+02 1.508327e-03 1.019e-01 9.037e-01 GE11 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.292992e+02 -1.649717e-03 1.041e-01 8.421e-01 GE12 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.292996e+02 -3.919632e-04 9.796e-02 8.274e-01 GE13 2.00e+00 2.01e+00 -4.293005e+02 -9.130051e-04 6.985e-02 8.485e-01 GE14 2.00e+00 2.02e+00 -4.293003e+02 1.294081e-04 9.923e-02 8.372e-01 GE15 2.00e+00 2.01e+00 -4.293001e+02 2.169740e-04 8.781e-02 8.548e-01 GE16 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 7.652402e-05 4.904e-02 8.387e-01 GE17 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -4.549538e-05 8.513e-03 8.262e-01 GE18 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293000e+02 6.701416e-05 5.459e-02 8.168e-01 GE19 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -7.127339e-05 1.116e-02 8.541e-01 GE20 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -1.211892e-05 3.085e-02 8.214e-01 GE21 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -1.423311e-06 1.194e-02 8.221e-01 GE22 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -3.368104e-06 8.629e-04 8.546e-01 GE23 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 5.129392e-07 5.315e-03 8.279e-01 GE24 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -3.448710e-07 9.367e-04 8.289e-01 GE25 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -2.475070e-08 2.791e-04 8.616e-01 GE26 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -8.088449e-09 2.125e-04 8.601e-01 GE27 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 5.451125e-09 6.283e-04 8.291e-01 GE28 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 3.104212e-10 2.752e-04 8.367e-01 GE29 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -1.206399e-09 4.066e-06 9.238e-01 GE30 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 -7.228821e-10 3.451e-07 8.402e-01 GE31 2.00e+00 2.00e+00 -4.293001e+02 1.050125e-09 4.186e-08 7.788e-01 TIME STATISTICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS_NAME NAME TIME(Sec) CALLS AVG(Sec) PER(%) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 29.21 9 3.25 100.00 Driver reading 0.02 1 0.02 0.06 Input Init 0.01 1 0.01 0.05 Input_Conv Convert 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Driver driver_line 29.20 1 29.20 99.94 UnitCell check_tau 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_all_runners 0.70 1 0.70 2.39 PW_Basis_Sup setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.02 PW_Basis_Sup distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.02 mymath heapsort 0.06 3 0.02 0.19 PW_Basis_K setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.02 PW_Basis_K distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 PW_Basis setup_struc_factor 0.01 1 0.01 0.03 NOrbital_Lm extra_uniform 0.00 5 0.00 0.01 Mathzone_Add1 SplineD2 0.00 5 0.00 0.00 Mathzone_Add1 Cubic_Spline_Interpolation 0.00 5 0.00 0.01 ppcell_vl init_vloc 0.40 1 0.40 1.37 Ions opt_ions 28.48 1 28.48 97.49 ESolver_KS_LCAO runner 28.48 1 28.48 97.49 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_scf 1.27 1 1.27 4.34 ESolver_KS_LCAO beforesolver 0.01 1 0.01 0.02 ESolver_KS_LCAO set_matrix_grid 0.01 1 0.01 0.02 atom_arrange search 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Technique init 0.01 1 0.01 0.02 Grid_BigCell grid_expansion_index 0.00 2 0.00 0.01 Record_adj for_2d 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Driver Find_atom 0.00 71 0.00 0.00 LCAO_domain grid_prepare 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Veff initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew initialize_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge set_rho_core 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge atomic_rho 0.47 1 0.47 1.62 PW_Basis_Sup recip2real 3.95 291 0.01 13.51 PW_Basis_Sup gathers_scatterp 0.73 291 0.00 2.51 Potential init_pot 0.77 1 0.77 2.62 Potential update_from_charge 18.67 32 0.58 63.89 Potential cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.07 PotLocal cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.07 Potential cal_v_eff 18.55 32 0.58 63.49 H_Hartree_pw v_hartree 1.27 32 0.04 4.35 PW_Basis_Sup real2recip 3.98 320 0.01 13.64 PW_Basis_Sup gatherp_scatters 0.37 320 0.00 1.27 PotXC cal_v_eff 17.06 32 0.53 58.40 XC_Functional v_xc 16.98 32 0.53 58.13 Potential interpolate_vrs 0.10 32 0.00 0.33 H_Ewald_pw compute_ewald 0.01 1 0.01 0.05 Charge_Mixing init_mixing 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO solve 5.74 31 0.19 19.65 HamiltLCAO updateHk 3.12 62 0.05 10.70 OperatorLCAO init 3.12 186 0.02 10.69 Veff contributeHR 3.12 62 0.05 10.67 Gint_interface cal_gint 5.37 93 0.06 18.37 Gint_interface cal_gint_vlocal 3.12 62 0.05 10.67 Gint_Tools cal_psir_ylm 1.36 176700 0.00 4.65 Gint_k transfer_pvpR 0.00 62 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew calculate_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew contributeHk 0.00 62 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew contributeHR 0.00 62 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew contributeHR 0.00 62 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OperatorLCAO contributeHk 0.00 62 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO hamiltSolvePsiK 0.07 62 0.00 0.25 DiagoElpa elpa_solve 0.05 62 0.00 0.17 ElecStateLCAO psiToRho 2.54 31 0.08 8.70 elecstate cal_dm 0.01 31 0.00 0.02 psiMulPsiMpi pdgemm 0.00 62 0.00 0.00 DensityMatrix cal_DMR 0.00 31 0.00 0.00 Local_Orbital_wfc wfc_2d_to_grid 0.00 64 0.00 0.00 Gint transfer_DMR 0.00 31 0.00 0.01 Gint_interface cal_gint_rho 2.25 31 0.07 7.71 Charge_Mixing get_drho 0.05 31 0.00 0.18 Charge mix_rho 2.28 30 0.08 7.81 Charge Broyden_mixing 0.79 30 0.03 2.71 ESolver_KS_LCAO out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 LCAO_Deepks_Interface out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO after_all_runners 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ModuleIO write_istate_info 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START Time : Fri Jun 21 09:02:33 2024 FINISH Time : Fri Jun 21 09:03:02 2024 TOTAL Time : 29 SEE INFORMATION IN : OUT.O-atom/
869: !FINAL_ETOT_IS -429.3001168335124 eV
BAND Spin up Energy(ev) Occupation Spin down Energy(ev) Occupation Kpoint = 1 (0 0 0) 1 -25.0444 1 -21.4951 1 2 -10.8316 1 -7.06623 0.500033 3 -9.68406 1 -7.06623 0.499967 4 -9.68388 1 -6.07364 0 5 8.29863 0 9.90882 0 6 8.75173 0 9.90901 0 7 8.75173 0 10.5538 0 8 10.564 0 12.1768 0 9 42.3685 0 45.2654 0 10 42.589 0 45.2659 0 11 42.5891 0 45.5872 0 12 43.2907 0 45.5872 0 13 43.2909 0 45.9584 0
这样我们就得到了正确的O原子磁矩和能级占据状态,并且总能量进一步降低。
3. 氢分子能量及结合能计算
接下来我们进行分子的能量及结合能计算。对于氢分子和氧分子,结合能就是分子能量减去2*原子能量。
INPUT_PARAMETERS suffix H2 pseudo_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB orbital_dir /abacus-develop/tests/PP_ORB ecutwfc 50 # unit: Ry, 1Ry = 13.6eV; Default: 50 scf_thr 1e-7 basis_type lcao calculation scf symmetry -1 # No symmetry smearing_method gauss # Default: gauss smearing_sigma 0.0037 # unit: Ry; Default: 0.015 Ry(= 0.2 eV)
由于氢分子没有未配对电子,所以这里我们进行非自旋极化计算(nspin默认为1)
ATOMIC_SPECIES H 1.008 H_ONCV_PBE-1.2.upf upf201 # label; mass; pseudo_file NUMERICAL_ORBITAL H_gga_6au_60Ry_2s1p.orb # numerical_orbital_file LATTICE_CONSTANT 1.8897259886 # lattice scaling factor (Bohr), 1.8897259886 Bohr = 1.0 Angstrom LATTICE_VECTORS 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 ATOMIC_POSITIONS Cartesian # Cartesian or Direct coordinate. H # Element type 0.0 # magnetism 2 # number of atoms 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 0 # the position of atoms and other parameter specify by key word 0.000 0.000 0.742 0 0 0
这里我们设置一个H原子位于原点,另一个H原子位于z轴,最后一行的第三个数字即为H-H键的键长0.742 Angstrom.
ABACUS v3.6.3 Atomic-orbital Based Ab-initio Computation at UStc Website: http://abacus.ustc.edu.cn/ Documentation: https://abacus.deepmodeling.com/ Repository: https://github.com/abacusmodeling/abacus-develop https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop Commit: 615828b (Tue May 21 10:48:51 2024 +0800) Fri Jun 21 09:03:04 2024 MAKE THE DIR : OUT.H2/ RUNNING WITH DEVICE : CPU / Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum UNIFORM GRID DIM : 90 * 90 * 90 UNIFORM GRID DIM(BIG) : 30 * 30 * 30 DONE(0.122874 SEC) : SETUP UNITCELL DONE(0.123135 SEC) : INIT K-POINTS --------------------------------------------------------- Self-consistent calculations for electrons --------------------------------------------------------- SPIN KPOINTS PROCESSORS NBASE 1 1 1 10 --------------------------------------------------------- Use Systematically Improvable Atomic bases --------------------------------------------------------- ELEMENT ORBITALS NBASE NATOM XC H 2s1p-6au 5 2 --------------------------------------------------------- Initial plane wave basis and FFT box --------------------------------------------------------- DONE(0.131851 SEC) : INIT PLANEWAVE ------------------------------------------- SELF-CONSISTENT : ------------------------------------------- START CHARGE : atomic DONE(0.697262 SEC) : INIT SCF ITER ETOT(eV) EDIFF(eV) DRHO TIME(s) GE1 -3.152662e+01 0.000000e+00 4.180e-01 4.811e-01 GE2 -3.159739e+01 -7.077849e-02 8.928e-02 4.753e-01 GE3 -3.160044e+01 -3.043509e-03 4.526e-02 4.822e-01 GE4 -3.160208e+01 -1.641386e-03 2.196e-02 4.796e-01 GE5 -3.160303e+01 -9.536240e-04 1.419e-02 4.684e-01 GE6 -3.160390e+01 -8.650884e-04 9.136e-03 5.108e-01 GE7 -3.160412e+01 -2.219038e-04 4.016e-03 4.911e-01 GE8 -3.160417e+01 -4.951651e-05 1.441e-03 5.160e-01 GE9 -3.160418e+01 -6.533386e-06 2.869e-04 4.866e-01 GE10 -3.160418e+01 -6.505930e-07 9.217e-05 4.894e-01 GE11 -3.160418e+01 -7.508300e-08 1.646e-05 4.733e-01 GE12 -3.160418e+01 3.992951e-08 5.282e-06 4.642e-01 GE13 -3.160418e+01 -2.772274e-09 1.350e-06 4.483e-01 GE14 -3.160418e+01 2.847300e-10 3.448e-07 4.386e-01 GE15 -3.160418e+01 1.971068e-10 1.910e-07 4.509e-01 GE16 -3.160418e+01 4.350343e-13 1.133e-07 4.666e-01 GE17 -3.160418e+01 -4.531608e-13 6.072e-08 3.908e-01 TIME STATISTICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS_NAME NAME TIME(Sec) CALLS AVG(Sec) PER(%) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 8.73 9 0.97 100.00 Driver reading 0.02 1 0.02 0.19 Input Init 0.01 1 0.01 0.17 Input_Conv Convert 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Driver driver_line 8.71 1 8.71 99.81 UnitCell check_tau 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_all_runners 0.23 1 0.23 2.66 PW_Basis_Sup setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.08 PW_Basis_Sup distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.06 mymath heapsort 0.05 3 0.02 0.59 PW_Basis_K setuptransform 0.00 1 0.00 0.05 PW_Basis_K distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.03 PW_Basis setup_struc_factor 0.02 1 0.02 0.19 NOrbital_Lm extra_uniform 0.00 3 0.00 0.02 Mathzone_Add1 SplineD2 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 Mathzone_Add1 Cubic_Spline_Interpolation 0.00 3 0.00 0.01 ppcell_vl init_vloc 0.01 1 0.01 0.17 Ions opt_ions 8.47 1 8.47 97.02 ESolver_KS_LCAO runner 8.47 1 8.47 97.02 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_scf 0.45 1 0.45 5.13 ESolver_KS_LCAO beforesolver 0.01 1 0.01 0.15 ESolver_KS_LCAO set_matrix_grid 0.01 1 0.01 0.15 atom_arrange search 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Technique init 0.01 1 0.01 0.15 Grid_BigCell grid_expansion_index 0.01 2 0.00 0.10 Record_adj for_2d 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Driver Find_atom 0.00 52 0.00 0.00 LCAO_domain grid_prepare 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Veff initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew initialize_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge set_rho_core 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 Charge atomic_rho 0.05 1 0.05 0.56 PW_Basis_Sup recip2real 1.66 108 0.02 19.06 PW_Basis_Sup gathers_scatterp 0.29 108 0.00 3.38 Potential init_pot 0.36 1 0.36 4.16 Potential update_from_charge 5.70 18 0.32 65.31 Potential cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.25 PotLocal cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.24 Potential cal_v_eff 5.65 18 0.31 64.74 H_Hartree_pw v_hartree 0.73 18 0.04 8.35 PW_Basis_Sup real2recip 1.75 124 0.01 20.08 PW_Basis_Sup gatherp_scatters 0.15 124 0.00 1.71 PotXC cal_v_eff 4.86 18 0.27 55.72 XC_Functional v_xc 4.84 18 0.27 55.47 Potential interpolate_vrs 0.03 18 0.00 0.32 H_Ewald_pw compute_ewald 0.02 1 0.02 0.20 Charge_Mixing init_mixing 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO solve 1.26 17 0.07 14.46 HamiltLCAO updateHk 0.56 17 0.03 6.43 OperatorLCAO init 0.56 51 0.01 6.43 Veff contributeHR 0.56 17 0.03 6.42 Gint_interface cal_gint 1.17 34 0.03 13.35 Gint_interface cal_gint_vlocal 0.56 17 0.03 6.41 Gint_Tools cal_psir_ylm 0.36 116450 0.00 4.15 Gint_k transfer_pvpR 0.00 17 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew calculate_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew contributeHk 0.00 17 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew contributeHR 0.00 17 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew contributeHR 0.00 17 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OperatorLCAO contributeHk 0.00 17 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO hamiltSolvePsiK 0.02 17 0.00 0.24 DiagoElpa elpa_solve 0.01 17 0.00 0.16 ElecStateLCAO psiToRho 0.68 17 0.04 7.79 elecstate cal_dm 0.00 17 0.00 0.01 psiMulPsiMpi pdgemm 0.00 17 0.00 0.00 DensityMatrix cal_DMR 0.00 17 0.00 0.00 Local_Orbital_wfc wfc_2d_to_grid 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 Gint transfer_DMR 0.00 17 0.00 0.01 Gint_interface cal_gint_rho 0.61 17 0.04 6.94 Charge_Mixing get_drho 0.01 17 0.00 0.17 Charge mix_rho 1.07 16 0.07 12.24 Charge Broyden_mixing 0.20 16 0.01 2.30 ESolver_KS_LCAO out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 LCAO_Deepks_Interface out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO after_all_runners 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ModuleIO write_istate_info 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START Time : Fri Jun 21 09:03:04 2024 FINISH Time : Fri Jun 21 09:03:13 2024 TOTAL Time : 9 SEE INFORMATION IN : OUT.H2/
547: !FINAL_ETOT_IS -31.60417626324018 eV
通过简单的计算可以得到氢分子的结合能为:-4.656 eV
4. 氧分子能量及结合能计算
接下来我们进行氧分子的能量和结合能计算。氧分子的基态为三重态,存在两个未配对电子,因此应该存在净磁矩。同样地,我们可以对比一下非自旋极化和自旋极化计算的结果有什么不同。我们在O2-molecule下准备了两个文件夹:0,1,分别对应非自旋极化,自旋极化计算。
0 1
4.1. 氧分子非自旋极化计算
ABACUS v3.6.3 Atomic-orbital Based Ab-initio Computation at UStc Website: http://abacus.ustc.edu.cn/ Documentation: https://abacus.deepmodeling.com/ Repository: https://github.com/abacusmodeling/abacus-develop https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop Commit: 615828b (Tue May 21 10:48:51 2024 +0800) Fri Jun 21 09:03:14 2024 MAKE THE DIR : OUT.O2/ RUNNING WITH DEVICE : CPU / Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum UNIFORM GRID DIM : 90 * 90 * 90 UNIFORM GRID DIM(BIG) : 30 * 30 * 30 DONE(0.124653 SEC) : SETUP UNITCELL DONE(0.12491 SEC) : INIT K-POINTS --------------------------------------------------------- Self-consistent calculations for electrons --------------------------------------------------------- SPIN KPOINTS PROCESSORS NBASE 1 1 1 26 --------------------------------------------------------- Use Systematically Improvable Atomic bases --------------------------------------------------------- ELEMENT ORBITALS NBASE NATOM XC O 2s2p1d-8au 13 2 --------------------------------------------------------- Initial plane wave basis and FFT box --------------------------------------------------------- DONE(0.133616 SEC) : INIT PLANEWAVE ------------------------------------------- SELF-CONSISTENT : ------------------------------------------- START CHARGE : atomic DONE(0.81509 SEC) : INIT SCF ITER ETOT(eV) EDIFF(eV) DRHO TIME(s) GE1 -8.637175e+02 0.000000e+00 7.302e-02 6.469e-01 GE2 -8.638253e+02 -1.078260e-01 1.609e-02 6.155e-01 GE3 -8.638276e+02 -2.347960e-03 4.174e-03 6.186e-01 GE4 -8.638280e+02 -4.025790e-04 1.574e-03 6.426e-01 GE5 -8.638282e+02 -2.020745e-04 9.361e-04 6.272e-01 GE6 -8.638283e+02 -7.308627e-05 7.718e-04 6.121e-01 GE7 -8.638285e+02 -2.104337e-04 6.191e-04 5.827e-01 GE8 -8.638286e+02 -1.190871e-04 3.369e-04 5.978e-01 GE9 -8.638286e+02 -4.681939e-06 1.467e-04 6.099e-01 GE10 -8.638287e+02 -2.969437e-05 1.314e-04 5.897e-01 GE11 -8.638287e+02 -1.807157e-05 6.731e-05 5.990e-01 GE12 -8.638287e+02 -2.054757e-07 1.996e-05 6.141e-01 GE13 -8.638287e+02 -2.994458e-06 1.794e-05 5.935e-01 GE14 -8.638287e+02 -5.609333e-08 3.559e-06 5.820e-01 GE15 -8.638287e+02 -3.427162e-08 9.870e-07 5.862e-01 GE16 -8.638287e+02 2.684839e-09 2.153e-07 5.960e-01 GE17 -8.638287e+02 3.494873e-09 1.103e-07 5.799e-01 GE18 -8.638287e+02 -1.734530e-09 7.254e-08 5.029e-01 TIME STATISTICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS_NAME NAME TIME(Sec) CALLS AVG(Sec) PER(%) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 11.63 9 1.29 100.00 Driver reading 0.02 1 0.02 0.14 Input Init 0.02 1 0.02 0.13 Input_Conv Convert 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Driver driver_line 11.61 1 11.61 99.86 UnitCell check_tau 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_all_runners 0.28 1 0.28 2.42 PW_Basis_Sup setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.06 PW_Basis_Sup distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.04 mymath heapsort 0.05 3 0.02 0.44 PW_Basis_K setuptransform 0.00 1 0.00 0.04 PW_Basis_K distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.02 PW_Basis setup_struc_factor 0.02 1 0.02 0.14 NOrbital_Lm extra_uniform 0.00 5 0.00 0.03 Mathzone_Add1 SplineD2 0.00 5 0.00 0.00 Mathzone_Add1 Cubic_Spline_Interpolation 0.00 5 0.00 0.02 ppcell_vl init_vloc 0.01 1 0.01 0.12 Ions opt_ions 11.32 1 11.32 97.34 ESolver_KS_LCAO runner 11.32 1 11.32 97.34 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_scf 0.52 1 0.52 4.44 ESolver_KS_LCAO beforesolver 0.02 1 0.02 0.16 ESolver_KS_LCAO set_matrix_grid 0.02 1 0.02 0.16 atom_arrange search 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Technique init 0.02 1 0.02 0.16 Grid_BigCell grid_expansion_index 0.01 2 0.01 0.10 Record_adj for_2d 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Driver Find_atom 0.00 54 0.00 0.00 LCAO_domain grid_prepare 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Veff initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew initialize_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge set_rho_core 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 Charge atomic_rho 0.05 1 0.05 0.43 PW_Basis_Sup recip2real 1.64 114 0.01 14.10 PW_Basis_Sup gathers_scatterp 0.29 114 0.00 2.46 Potential init_pot 0.43 1 0.43 3.66 Potential update_from_charge 6.40 19 0.34 55.05 Potential cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.19 PotLocal cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.18 Potential cal_v_eff 6.35 19 0.33 54.61 H_Hartree_pw v_hartree 0.75 19 0.04 6.46 PW_Basis_Sup real2recip 1.80 131 0.01 15.48 PW_Basis_Sup gatherp_scatters 0.15 131 0.00 1.32 PotXC cal_v_eff 5.54 19 0.29 47.63 XC_Functional v_xc 5.52 19 0.29 47.43 Potential interpolate_vrs 0.03 19 0.00 0.25 H_Ewald_pw compute_ewald 0.02 1 0.02 0.14 Charge_Mixing init_mixing 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO solve 3.33 18 0.18 28.63 HamiltLCAO updateHk 1.56 18 0.09 13.41 OperatorLCAO init 1.56 54 0.03 13.39 Veff contributeHR 1.55 18 0.09 13.37 Gint_interface cal_gint 3.21 36 0.09 27.57 Gint_interface cal_gint_vlocal 1.55 18 0.09 13.36 Gint_Tools cal_psir_ylm 1.17 260208 0.00 10.06 Gint_k transfer_pvpR 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew calculate_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 OverlapNew contributeHk 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew contributeHR 0.00 18 0.00 0.01 EkineticNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 NonlocalNew contributeHR 0.00 18 0.00 0.01 NonlocalNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 OperatorLCAO contributeHk 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO hamiltSolvePsiK 0.03 18 0.00 0.27 DiagoElpa elpa_solve 0.02 18 0.00 0.21 ElecStateLCAO psiToRho 1.74 18 0.10 14.95 elecstate cal_dm 0.00 18 0.00 0.01 psiMulPsiMpi pdgemm 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 DensityMatrix cal_DMR 0.00 18 0.00 0.00 Local_Orbital_wfc wfc_2d_to_grid 0.00 19 0.00 0.00 Gint transfer_DMR 0.00 18 0.00 0.03 Gint_interface cal_gint_rho 1.65 18 0.09 14.21 Charge_Mixing get_drho 0.02 18 0.00 0.13 Charge mix_rho 1.12 17 0.07 9.66 Charge Broyden_mixing 0.21 17 0.01 1.83 ESolver_KS_LCAO out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 LCAO_Deepks_Interface out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO after_all_runners 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ModuleIO write_istate_info 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START Time : Fri Jun 21 09:03:14 2024 FINISH Time : Fri Jun 21 09:03:26 2024 TOTAL Time : 12 SEE INFORMATION IN : OUT.O2/
568: !FINAL_ETOT_IS -863.8286878069905 eV
BAND Energy(ev) Occupation Kpoint = 1 (0 0 0) 1 -32.313 2 2 -19.4683 2 3 -12.9726 2 4 -12.4935 2 5 -12.4935 2 6 -5.56572 1 7 -5.56572 1 8 3.34721 0 9 8.00368 0 10 8.00368 0 11 8.63598 0 12 9.98339 0 13 11.786 0 14 13.8885 0 15 13.8885 0 16 37.1953 0
可以看到,非自旋极化的计算结果与结构化学中氧分子的电子结构并不一致。
4.2. 氧分子自旋极化计算
ABACUS v3.6.3 Atomic-orbital Based Ab-initio Computation at UStc Website: http://abacus.ustc.edu.cn/ Documentation: https://abacus.deepmodeling.com/ Repository: https://github.com/abacusmodeling/abacus-develop https://github.com/deepmodeling/abacus-develop Commit: 615828b (Tue May 21 10:48:51 2024 +0800) Fri Jun 21 09:03:27 2024 MAKE THE DIR : OUT.O2/ RUNNING WITH DEVICE : CPU / Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum UNIFORM GRID DIM : 90 * 90 * 90 UNIFORM GRID DIM(BIG) : 30 * 30 * 30 DONE(0.137708 SEC) : SETUP UNITCELL DONE(0.137973 SEC) : INIT K-POINTS --------------------------------------------------------- Self-consistent calculations for electrons --------------------------------------------------------- SPIN KPOINTS PROCESSORS NBASE 2 2 1 26 --------------------------------------------------------- Use Systematically Improvable Atomic bases --------------------------------------------------------- ELEMENT ORBITALS NBASE NATOM XC O 2s2p1d-8au 13 2 --------------------------------------------------------- Initial plane wave basis and FFT box --------------------------------------------------------- DONE(0.149903 SEC) : INIT PLANEWAVE ------------------------------------------- SELF-CONSISTENT : ------------------------------------------- START CHARGE : atomic DONE(1.28413 SEC) : INIT SCF ITER TMAG AMAG ETOT(eV) EDIFF(eV) DRHO TIME(s) GE1 2.00e+00 2.01e+00 -8.648089e+02 0.000000e+00 1.056e-01 1.302e+00 GE2 2.00e+00 2.05e+00 -8.649836e+02 -1.746369e-01 5.237e-02 1.281e+00 GE3 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649720e+02 1.153243e-02 2.598e-02 1.356e+00 GE4 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649797e+02 -7.727290e-03 8.303e-03 1.349e+00 GE5 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649799e+02 -1.722923e-04 4.829e-03 1.332e+00 GE6 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649801e+02 -1.910745e-04 1.848e-03 1.323e+00 GE7 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649803e+02 -2.400115e-04 1.303e-03 1.354e+00 GE8 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649805e+02 -1.487623e-04 9.556e-04 1.304e+00 GE9 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649806e+02 -7.231446e-05 7.395e-04 1.298e+00 GE10 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649807e+02 -1.322579e-04 6.482e-04 1.274e+00 GE11 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649808e+02 -9.685546e-05 4.837e-04 1.263e+00 GE12 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649809e+02 -8.271361e-05 3.693e-04 1.229e+00 GE13 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649810e+02 -7.332501e-05 2.754e-04 1.246e+00 GE14 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649810e+02 -4.873827e-05 1.851e-04 1.224e+00 GE15 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649810e+02 -3.153635e-05 1.229e-04 1.247e+00 GE16 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -2.033682e-05 7.713e-05 1.227e+00 GE17 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -7.439679e-06 4.186e-05 1.232e+00 GE18 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -4.825735e-06 2.696e-05 1.215e+00 GE19 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -3.171728e-06 1.621e-05 1.243e+00 GE20 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -8.296004e-07 7.210e-06 1.211e+00 GE21 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -7.441959e-08 2.567e-06 1.219e+00 GE22 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -2.278178e-08 1.534e-06 1.203e+00 GE23 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -2.222571e-08 1.074e-06 1.260e+00 GE24 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -1.663011e-08 7.768e-07 1.207e+00 GE25 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -2.697725e-08 6.070e-07 1.205e+00 GE26 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -2.021779e-08 3.555e-07 1.272e+00 GE27 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 -2.928361e-09 1.141e-07 1.210e+00 GE28 2.00e+00 2.03e+00 -8.649811e+02 7.716253e-09 6.380e-08 9.606e-01 TIME STATISTICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS_NAME NAME TIME(Sec) CALLS AVG(Sec) PER(%) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 36.36 9 4.04 100.00 Driver reading 0.02 1 0.02 0.05 Input Init 0.01 1 0.01 0.04 Input_Conv Convert 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Driver driver_line 36.34 1 36.34 99.95 UnitCell check_tau 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_all_runners 0.33 1 0.33 0.90 PW_Basis_Sup setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.02 PW_Basis_Sup distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 mymath heapsort 0.05 3 0.02 0.15 PW_Basis_K setuptransform 0.01 1 0.01 0.02 PW_Basis_K distributeg 0.00 1 0.00 0.01 PW_Basis setup_struc_factor 0.02 1 0.02 0.04 NOrbital_Lm extra_uniform 0.00 5 0.00 0.01 Mathzone_Add1 SplineD2 0.00 5 0.00 0.00 Mathzone_Add1 Cubic_Spline_Interpolation 0.00 5 0.00 0.01 ppcell_vl init_vloc 0.02 1 0.02 0.04 Ions opt_ions 36.00 1 36.00 99.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO runner 36.00 1 36.00 99.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO before_scf 0.94 1 0.94 2.59 ESolver_KS_LCAO beforesolver 0.02 1 0.02 0.05 ESolver_KS_LCAO set_matrix_grid 0.02 1 0.02 0.05 atom_arrange search 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Technique init 0.02 1 0.02 0.05 Grid_BigCell grid_expansion_index 0.01 2 0.01 0.03 Record_adj for_2d 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Grid_Driver Find_atom 0.00 130 0.00 0.00 LCAO_domain grid_prepare 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Veff initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew initialize_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew initialize_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge set_rho_core 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 Charge atomic_rho 0.07 1 0.07 0.20 PW_Basis_Sup recip2real 4.59 318 0.01 12.63 PW_Basis_Sup gathers_scatterp 0.83 318 0.00 2.28 Potential init_pot 0.82 1 0.82 2.26 Potential update_from_charge 21.31 29 0.73 58.60 Potential cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.06 PotLocal cal_fixed_v 0.02 1 0.02 0.06 Potential cal_v_eff 21.19 29 0.73 58.29 H_Hartree_pw v_hartree 1.23 29 0.04 3.39 PW_Basis_Sup real2recip 4.57 344 0.01 12.57 PW_Basis_Sup gatherp_scatters 0.38 344 0.00 1.05 PotXC cal_v_eff 19.75 29 0.68 54.32 XC_Functional v_xc 19.68 29 0.68 54.12 Potential interpolate_vrs 0.09 29 0.00 0.25 H_Ewald_pw compute_ewald 0.02 1 0.02 0.05 Charge_Mixing init_mixing 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO solve 9.34 28 0.33 25.68 HamiltLCAO updateHk 5.26 56 0.09 14.47 OperatorLCAO init 5.26 168 0.03 14.46 Veff contributeHR 5.25 56 0.09 14.45 Gint_interface cal_gint 8.98 84 0.11 24.68 Gint_interface cal_gint_vlocal 5.25 56 0.09 14.44 Gint_Tools cal_psir_ylm 2.72 607152 0.00 7.48 Gint_k transfer_pvpR 0.00 56 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew calculate_SR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OverlapNew contributeHk 0.00 56 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew contributeHR 0.00 56 0.00 0.00 EkineticNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew contributeHR 0.00 56 0.00 0.00 NonlocalNew calculate_HR 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 OperatorLCAO contributeHk 0.00 56 0.00 0.00 HSolverLCAO hamiltSolvePsiK 0.08 56 0.00 0.23 DiagoElpa elpa_solve 0.06 56 0.00 0.18 ElecStateLCAO psiToRho 3.99 28 0.14 10.98 elecstate cal_dm 0.00 28 0.00 0.00 psiMulPsiMpi pdgemm 0.00 56 0.00 0.00 DensityMatrix cal_DMR 0.00 28 0.00 0.00 Local_Orbital_wfc wfc_2d_to_grid 0.00 58 0.00 0.00 Gint transfer_DMR 0.00 28 0.00 0.01 Gint_interface cal_gint_rho 3.72 28 0.13 10.24 Charge_Mixing get_drho 0.09 28 0.00 0.26 Charge mix_rho 3.98 27 0.15 10.95 Charge Broyden_mixing 0.77 27 0.03 2.10 ESolver_KS_LCAO out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 LCAO_Deepks_Interface out_deepks_labels 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ESolver_KS_LCAO after_all_runners 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ModuleIO write_istate_info 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START Time : Fri Jun 21 09:03:27 2024 FINISH Time : Fri Jun 21 09:04:04 2024 TOTAL Time : 37 SEE INFORMATION IN : OUT.O2/
832: !FINAL_ETOT_IS -864.9810720483788 eV
BAND Spin up Energy(ev) Occupation Spin down Energy(ev) Occupation Kpoint = 1 (0 0 0) 1 -32.8099 1 -31.5445 1 2 -20.2508 1 -18.3928 1 3 -13.3383 1 -12.4126 1 4 -13.324 1 -11.342 1 5 -13.324 1 -11.342 1 6 -6.59556 1 -4.16125 0 7 -6.59556 1 -4.16125 0 8 3.01535 0 3.83108 0 9 7.66718 0 8.49991 0 10 7.66718 0 8.49991 0 11 8.39406 0 9.03939 0 12 9.70496 0 10.3879 0 13 11.7155 0 11.9058 0 14 13.4579 0 14.523 0 15 13.4579 0 14.523 0 16 36.7429 0 37.8405 0 17 37.1411 0 38.0924 0 18 37.1411 0 38.0924 0
758: total magnetism (Bohr mag/cell) = 2 759: absolute magnetism (Bohr mag/cell) = 2.03043
可以看到,开启自旋极化后的氧分子能量更低,并且得到了正确的能级占据状态以及磁矩。通过简单的计算可以得到氧分子的结合能为:-4.98 eV。
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